05 — The insurance ontology.

The Ontology is the canonical, version-controlled object model that every plane projects onto. It defines 28 objects across seven groups: Parties, Master data, Underwriting, Claims, Workflow, Evidence, and Governance. Every Property, Decision, Action and AuditEvent the platform produces is typed against the Ontology.

5.1 Object index

#	Group	Object	Anchor	Purpose
1	Parties	Insured	o-insured	Named insured / policyholder party
2	Parties	Broker	o-broker	Distribution intermediary party
3	Parties	Claimant	o-claimant	Party making a claim against a policy
4	Parties	Underwriter	o-underwriter	Carrier-side decision principal
5	Parties	Adjuster	o-adjuster	Carrier-side claims handler
6	Master data	Policy	o-policy	Insurance contract
7	Master data	Coverage	o-coverage	Typed risk-transfer scope on a Policy
8	Master data	Endorsement	o-endorsement	Mid-term contract amendment
9	Underwriting	Submission	o-submission	Inbound risk for consideration
10	Underwriting	Quote	o-quote	Carrier-side priced response
11	Underwriting	RiskAssessment	o-risk	Structured risk evaluation against an exposure
12	Underwriting	Pricing	o-pricing	Premium calculation result
13	Underwriting	BindingAuthority	o-binding	Delegated authority record
14	Claims	Claim	o-claim	Reported loss case
15	Claims	LossEvent	o-loss	Real-world loss occurrence
16	Claims	Exposure	o-exposure	Per-coverage manifestation of a loss
17	Claims	Reserve	o-reserve	Held estimate against a loss
18	Claims	Payment	o-payment	Outflow against a claim
19	Workflow	Task	o-task	Unit of operator work
20	Workflow	Exception	o-exception	Typed deviation requiring resolution
21	Evidence	Document	o-document	Content-addressed file
22	Evidence	EmailThread	o-email	Inbound / outbound conversation
23	Evidence	Attachment	o-attachment	Document bound to a thread
24	Evidence	EvidenceSpan	o-evspan	Typed citation back to source bytes
25	Governance	Decision	o-decision	Typed verdict, agent or human
26	Governance	Action	o-action	Typed effect intent on a SoR
27	Governance	AgentRun	o-agentrun	Bounded execution of an agent
28	Governance	AuditEvent	o-audit	Hash-chained audit record

5.2 Object cards

Each object card defines: a one-line description, the field set (a subset; full schema in the Accordion), key links, default permissions, and the JSON Schema. Every field is implicitly accompanied by a provenance record.

Group A · Parties

Insured

ontology · party | marking: pii.medium | scope: tenantThe named insured / policyholder party on a Policy. May be an individual or organisation. Always content-addressed against an external party-master identifier where one exists.

Field	Type	Req	Notes
`insuredId`	id	req	Internal canonical id
`kind`	enum: `person` \| `org`	req
`legalName`	string	req
`externalIds`	map<source, value>	opt	e.g. tax id, registry id
`jurisdictions`	iso3166[]	opt	One or more countries
`contact`	ContactRef	opt	Email, phone

Links: policiesOf → Policy[], claimantOf → Claimant[].Permissions: read — insured.read; mutate — insured.write; PII fields require purpose underwriting.review or claims.adjustment.

JSON Schema · Insured

{
  "$id": "layerup://ontology/v1/Insured",
  "type": "object",
  "required": ["insuredId", "kind", "legalName"],
  "properties": {
    "insuredId":   { "type": "string", "pattern": "^ins_[A-Z0-9]{10,}$" },
    "kind":        { "enum": ["person", "org"] },
    "legalName":   { "type": "string", "minLength": 1 },
    "externalIds": { "type": "object", "additionalProperties": { "type": "string" } },
    "jurisdictions": { "type": "array", "items": { "type": "string", "pattern": "^[A-Z]{3}$" } },
    "contact":     { "$ref": "layerup://ontology/v1/ContactRef" }
  }
}

Broker

ontology · party | marking: tenantThe distribution intermediary that placed a Submission or that is bound to a Policy. Typically also has BindingAuthority records on certain LOBs.

Field	Type	Req
`brokerId`	id	req
`name`	string	req
`licenseIds`	map<jurisdiction, license>	opt
`commissionTier`	string	opt
`contact`	ContactRef	opt

Links: submissionsOf → Submission[], policiesOf → Policy[], bindingAuthorityOf → BindingAuthority[].

JSON Schema · Broker

{
  "$id": "layerup://ontology/v1/Broker",
  "type": "object",
  "required": ["brokerId", "name"],
  "properties": {
    "brokerId":       { "type": "string", "pattern": "^brk_[A-Z0-9]{10,}$" },
    "name":           { "type": "string" },
    "licenseIds":     { "type": "object", "additionalProperties": { "type": "string" } },
    "commissionTier": { "type": "string" },
    "contact":        { "$ref": "layerup://ontology/v1/ContactRef" }
  }
}

Claimant

ontology · party | marking: pii.mediumA party making a claim against a Policy. Distinct from the Insured: a third-party claimant on a liability coverage is not the policyholder.

Field	Type	Req
`claimantId`	id	req
`kind`	enum	req
`legalName`	string	req
`relationToInsured`	enum: `self` \| `third_party` \| `beneficiary`	req
`contact`	ContactRef	opt

Links: claimsOf → Claim[].

Underwriter

ontology · party · internalA carrier-side decision principal authorised to bind, decline or refer Submissions within their scope. Has typed authority limits (line, jurisdiction, premium ceiling).

Field	Type	Req
`underwriterId`	id	req
`principalRef`	PrincipalRef	req
`authority`	UWAuthorityScope	req
`lineOfBusiness`	string[]	req

Links: quotesAuthored → Quote[], decisionsAuthored → Decision[].

Adjuster

ontology · party · internalA carrier-side claims handler authorised to assess, reserve, settle or refer Claims within their scope. Authority is typed by line, severity band, and jurisdiction.

Field	Type	Req
`adjusterId`	id	req
`principalRef`	PrincipalRef	req
`authority`	ClaimsAuthorityScope	req
`specialism`	string[]	opt

Links: claimsAssigned → Claim[], decisionsAuthored → Decision[].

Group B · Master data

Policy

ontology · master | soR: policy adminAn insurance contract. The canonical record lives in the carrier’s policy administration system; Layerup’s Policy is a projection augmented with derived properties.

Field	Type	Req
`policyId`	id	req
`policyNumber`	string	req
`insuredRef`	Ref<Insured>	req
`brokerRef`	Ref<Broker>	opt
`productCode`	string	req
`lineOfBusiness`	string	req
`currency`	iso4217	req
`effective`	date	req
`expiry`	date	req
`status`	enum	req
`coverageRefs`	Ref<Coverage>[]	req

Links: coverages → Coverage[], endorsements → Endorsement[], claims → Claim[].

JSON Schema · Policy

{
  "$id": "layerup://ontology/v1/Policy",
  "type": "object",
  "required": ["policyId","policyNumber","insuredRef","productCode","lineOfBusiness","currency","effective","expiry","status","coverageRefs"],
  "properties": {
    "policyId":       { "type": "string" },
    "policyNumber":   { "type": "string" },
    "insuredRef":     { "$ref": "layerup://ontology/v1/Ref<Insured>" },
    "brokerRef":      { "$ref": "layerup://ontology/v1/Ref<Broker>" },
    "productCode":    { "type": "string" },
    "lineOfBusiness": { "type": "string" },
    "currency":       { "type": "string", "pattern": "^[A-Z]{3}$" },
    "effective":      { "type": "string", "format": "date" },
    "expiry":         { "type": "string", "format": "date" },
    "status":         { "enum": ["quoted","bound","in_force","cancelled","expired"] },
    "coverageRefs":   { "type": "array", "items": { "$ref": "layerup://ontology/v1/Ref<Coverage>" } }
  }
}

Coverage

ontology · masterA typed risk-transfer scope on a Policy. Each Coverage has its own limits, deductibles, perils, and exclusions.

Field	Type	Req
`coverageId`	id	req
`policyRef`	Ref<Policy>	req
`code`	string	req
`limit`	Money	req
`deductible`	Money	opt
`perils`	string[]	opt
`exclusions`	string[]	opt

Links: policy → Policy, exposures → Exposure[].

Endorsement

ontology · masterA mid-term contract amendment to a Policy or Coverage. Has its own effective date, change set, and approval lineage.

Field	Type	Req
`endorsementId`	id	req
`policyRef`	Ref<Policy>	req
`changeSet`	JSONPatch	req
`effective`	date	req
`approvalRef`	Ref<Decision>	opt

Links: policy → Policy, approvedBy → Decision.

Group C · Underwriting

Submission

ontology · uwInbound risk presented by a Broker (or directly by a prospective Insured) for the carrier’s consideration. Drives the underwriting workflow until quoted, declined, or referred.

Field	Type	Req
`submissionId`	id	req
`brokerRef`	Ref<Broker>	opt
`insuredRef`	Ref<Insured>	opt
`productCode`	string	req
`lineOfBusiness`	string	req
`requestedEffective`	date	req
`exposureSummary`	ExposureSummary	opt
`status`	enum: `open` \| `quoted` \| `declined` \| `referred` \| `closed`	req

Links: quotes → Quote[], riskAssessment → RiskAssessment, documents → Document[].

Quote

ontology · uwA carrier-side priced response to a Submission. Bound by the issuing underwriter’s authority. Either binds (becoming a Policy) or expires.

Field	Type	Req
`quoteId`	id	req
`submissionRef`	Ref<Submission>	req
`underwriterRef`	Ref<Underwriter>	req
`premium`	Money	req
`terms`	QuoteTerms	req
`validUntil`	datetime	req
`status`	enum: `draft` \| `issued` \| `bound` \| `expired` \| `withdrawn`	req

Links: submission → Submission, boundPolicy → Policy?, pricing → Pricing.

RiskAssessment

ontology · uwA structured evaluation of an exposure: hazards, prior loss history, geography, regulatory class, model-derived scores, agent-derived recommendations, and underwriter sign-off where required.

Field	Type	Req
`assessmentId`	id	req
`subjectRef`	Ref<Submission\|Endorsement>	req
`hazardScores`	map<peril, score>	opt
`verdict`	enum: `accept` \| `refer` \| `decline`	req
`rationale`	string	req
`evidenceSpans`	Ref<EvidenceSpan>[]	req

Links: subject → Submission|Endorsement, decision → Decision, evidence → EvidenceSpan[].

Pricing

ontology · uwThe premium calculation result for a Quote. Captures rating factors, base rates, modifiers, surcharges, taxes, and the model lineage of any non-deterministic rating step.

Field	Type	Req
`pricingId`	id	req
`quoteRef`	Ref<Quote>	req
`baseRate`	Money	req
`factors`	map<factor, multiplier>	opt
`surcharges`	map<label, amount>	opt
`taxes`	map<jurisdiction, amount>	opt
`finalPremium`	Money	req
`modelLineage`	ModelLineage[]	opt

BindingAuthority

ontology · uwA delegated authority record granting a Broker (or carrier office) the right to bind risks within a defined scope on the carrier’s behalf. Has limits by line, jurisdiction, premium, and aggregate.

Field	Type	Req
`bindingId`	id	req
`holderRef`	Ref<Broker>	req
`scope`	BindingScope	req
`premiumCeiling`	Money	req
`aggregateCeiling`	Money	opt
`effective`	date	req
`expiry`	date	req

Group D · Claims

Claim

ontology · claims | soR: claimsA reported loss case against a Policy. Aggregates one or more LossEvents and one or more Exposures (per coverage). Long-horizon entity with its own state machine.

Field	Type	Req
`claimId`	id	req
`claimNumber`	string	req
`policyRef`	Ref<Policy>	req
`claimantRef`	Ref<Claimant>	opt
`reportedAt`	datetime	req
`incurredAt`	datetime	req
`severity`	enum	opt
`status`	enum: `draft` \| `open` \| `investigating` \| `settled` \| `closed` \| `denied`	req
`currency`	iso4217	req

Links: policy → Policy, lossEvent → LossEvent, exposures → Exposure[], reserves → Reserve[], payments → Payment[].

LossEvent

ontology · claimsThe real-world loss occurrence — the underlying fact a Claim is reporting. Distinct from the Claim because one event may produce multiple Claims (third-party, multi-policy, multi-jurisdiction).

Field	Type	Req
`lossEventId`	id	req
`occurredAt`	datetime	req
`locationRef`	LocationRef	opt
`cause`	string	opt
`description`	string	opt

Links: claims → Claim[].

Exposure

ontology · claimsThe per-Coverage manifestation of a Claim. A single Claim against a Policy with three Coverages produces up to three Exposures, each reserved and settled independently.

Field	Type	Req
`exposureId`	id	req
`claimRef`	Ref<Claim>	req
`coverageRef`	Ref<Coverage>	req
`status`	enum	req
`reserveRefs`	Ref<Reserve>[]	opt
`paymentRefs`	Ref<Payment>[]	opt

Reserve

ontology · claims | soR: claims · ledgerA held estimate of expected payout against an Exposure. Reserves are typed (indemnity, expense, recovery), have an estimator (model, adjuster, agent), and are versioned over the life of the Claim.

Field	Type	Req
`reserveId`	id	req
`exposureRef`	Ref<Exposure>	req
`kind`	enum: `indemnity` \| `expense` \| `recovery`	req
`amount`	Money	req
`estimator`	EstimatorRef	req
`asOf`	datetime	req

Payment

ontology · claims | soR: billing · glA typed outflow against a Claim Exposure. Always settled through the carrier’s billing/GL system; Layerup records the intent, the approval, and the SoR confirmation.

Field	Type	Req
`paymentId`	id	req
`exposureRef`	Ref<Exposure>	req
`amount`	Money	req
`payeeRef`	PayeeRef	req
`method`	enum	req
`committedAt`	datetime	opt
`sorReceipt`	string	opt

Group E · Workflow

Task

ontology · workflowA unit of operator work. Tasks are routed to roles or named principals via queues and have SLAs. Tasks may be created by agents, by humans, or by policy.

Field	Type	Req
`taskId`	id	req
`kind`	string	req
`subjectRef`	Ref<any>	req
`assigneeRef`	PrincipalRef	opt
`queue`	string	req
`dueAt`	datetime	opt
`status`	enum: `open` \| `in_progress` \| `blocked` \| `done` \| `cancelled`	req

Exception

ontology · workflowA typed deviation from the expected path that requires human or policy resolution. Examples: low-confidence extraction, integration unavailable, conflicting evidence, authority breach, schema mismatch.

Field	Type	Req
`exceptionId`	id	req
`code`	string	req
`severity`	enum	req
`subjectRef`	Ref<any>	req
`detail`	string	req
`raisedAt`	datetime	req
`resolution`	ResolutionRecord	opt

Group F · Evidence

Document

ontology · evidenceA content-addressed file (PDF, image, spreadsheet, structured form). Always hashed; original bytes retained per retention policy. Ingest produces a Document; OCR / VLM / extraction produce derived properties that link back via EvidenceSpan.

Field	Type	Req
`documentId`	id	req
`contentHash`	sha256	req
`mediaType`	mime	req
`byteSize`	int	req
`pageCount`	int	opt
`language`	bcp47	opt
`ingestedAt`	datetime	req
`storageRef`	StorageRef	req

EmailThread

ontology · evidenceAn inbound or outbound conversation thread. Holds participants, message order, and a set of bound Attachments. Drives many ingest paths (submissions, loss notices, endorsement requests).

Field	Type	Req
`threadId`	id	req
`subject`	string	req
`participants`	EmailParty[]	req
`messages`	EmailMessage[]	req
`attachmentRefs`	Ref<Attachment>[]	opt
`direction`	enum: `inbound` \| `outbound`	req

Attachment

ontology · evidenceA Document bound to an EmailThread (or a portal upload). Carries the parent thread reference, the part name, and content disposition.

Field	Type	Req
`attachmentId`	id	req
`threadRef`	Ref<EmailThread>	req
`documentRef`	Ref<Document>	req
`partName`	string	opt
`disposition`	string	opt

EvidenceSpan

ontology · evidenceA typed citation linking a derived property (or a Decision) back to the exact bytes that justify it. The substrate’s primary mechanism for evidentiary trace.

Field	Type	Req
`spanId`	id	req
`documentRef`	Ref<Document>	req
`locator`	oneOf: byteRange \| bbox \| timestampRange \| rowCol	req
`retrievalSnapshotId`	string	opt
`extractor`	ToolRef	opt
`confidence`	number [0,1]	opt

JSON Schema · EvidenceSpan

{
  "$id": "layerup://ontology/v1/EvidenceSpan",
  "type": "object",
  "required": ["spanId", "documentRef", "locator"],
  "properties": {
    "spanId":      { "type": "string" },
    "documentRef": { "$ref": "layerup://ontology/v1/Ref<Document>" },
    "locator": {
      "oneOf": [
        { "type": "object", "required": ["kind","start","end"], "properties": { "kind": { "const": "byteRange" }, "start": { "type": "integer" }, "end": { "type": "integer" } } },
        { "type": "object", "required": ["kind","page","x","y","w","h"], "properties": { "kind": { "const": "bbox" }, "page": { "type": "integer" }, "x":{"type":"number"},"y":{"type":"number"},"w":{"type":"number"},"h":{"type":"number"} } },
        { "type": "object", "required": ["kind","start","end"], "properties": { "kind": { "const": "timestampRange" }, "start": { "type": "string", "format": "date-time" }, "end": { "type": "string", "format": "date-time" } } },
        { "type": "object", "required": ["kind","sheet","row","col"], "properties": { "kind": { "const": "rowCol" }, "sheet": { "type": "string" }, "row": { "type": "integer" }, "col": { "type": "integer" } } }
      ]
    },
    "retrievalSnapshotId": { "type": "string" },
    "extractor":           { "type": "string" },
    "confidence":          { "type": "number", "minimum": 0, "maximum": 1 }
  }
}

Group G · Governance

Decision

ontology · governance | first-class: coreA typed verdict produced by either an agent or a human reviewer against a typed input. Holds linked evidence, model lineage, rationale, and any consequent Actions. Decisions are immutable; corrections are new Decisions with a supersedes link.

Field	Type	Req
`decisionId`	id	req
`kind`	string	req
`subjectRef`	Ref<any>	req
`verdict`	VerdictValue	req
`rationale`	string	req
`authoredBy`	PrincipalRef	req
`runRef`	Ref<AgentRun>	opt
`evidenceSpans`	Ref<EvidenceSpan>[]	req
`modelLineage`	ModelLineage[]	opt
`supersedes`	Ref<Decision>	opt
`committedAt`	datetime	req

JSON Schema · Decision

{
  "$id": "layerup://ontology/v1/Decision",
  "type": "object",
  "required": ["decisionId","kind","subjectRef","verdict","rationale","authoredBy","evidenceSpans","committedAt"],
  "properties": {
    "decisionId":    { "type": "string" },
    "kind":          { "type": "string" },
    "subjectRef":    { "type": "string" },
    "verdict":       { "type": "object" },
    "rationale":     { "type": "string" },
    "authoredBy":    { "type": "string" },
    "runRef":        { "type": "string" },
    "evidenceSpans": { "type": "array", "items": { "$ref": "layerup://ontology/v1/Ref<EvidenceSpan>" } },
    "modelLineage":  { "type": "array", "items": { "$ref": "layerup://ontology/v1/ModelLineage" } },
    "supersedes":    { "type": "string" },
    "committedAt":   { "type": "string", "format": "date-time" }
  }
}

Action

ontology · governance | first-class: coreA typed intent to mutate a system of record. Lives on the Action Plane (§14) with state machine proposed → staged → approved → committed → reverted/rejected/failed. Always carries an idempotency key.

Field	Type	Req
`actionId`	id	req
`kind`	string	req
`targetSor`	string	req
`targetRef`	Ref<any>	opt
`payload`	Json	req
`idempotencyKey`	string	req
`state`	enum	req
`proposedBy`	PrincipalRef	req
`approvedBy`	PrincipalRef	opt
`committedAt`	datetime	opt
`compensatedBy`	Ref<Action>	opt

AgentRun

ontology · governanceOne bounded execution of an agent against an input object. Has a unique runId, a scoped permission set, a token / wall-clock / cost budget, and a deterministic seed for replay.

Field	Type	Req
`runId`	id	req
`agentRef`	AgentRef	req
`agentVersion`	semver	req
`subjectRef`	Ref<any>	req
`scopes`	string[]	req
`seed`	string	req
`budget`	Budget	req
`state`	enum: `queued` \| `running` \| `verified` \| `handed_off` \| `completed` \| `failed`	req
`decisions`	Ref<Decision>[]	opt
`actions`	Ref<Action>[]	opt
`startedAt`	datetime	req
`finishedAt`	datetime	opt

AuditEvent

ontology · governance | hash-chain: tamper-evidentThe hash-chained record of every governance-relevant action in the platform: tool dispatches, decision commits, action commits, policy rulings, identity changes, configuration changes. The chain is anchored periodically (§17).

Field	Type	Req
`eventId`	id	req
`seq`	int	req
`kind`	string	req
`actor`	PrincipalRef	req
`subjectRef`	Ref<any>	opt
`payloadHash`	sha256	req
`prevHash`	sha256	req
`thisHash`	sha256	req
`at`	datetime	req

JSON Schema · AuditEvent

{
  "$id": "layerup://ontology/v1/AuditEvent",
  "type": "object",
  "required": ["eventId","seq","kind","actor","payloadHash","prevHash","thisHash","at"],
  "properties": {
    "eventId":     { "type": "string" },
    "seq":         { "type": "integer", "minimum": 0 },
    "kind":        { "type": "string" },
    "actor":       { "type": "string" },
    "subjectRef":  { "type": "string" },
    "payloadHash": { "type": "string", "pattern": "^[a-f0-9]{64}$" },
    "prevHash":    { "type": "string", "pattern": "^[a-f0-9]{64}$" },
    "thisHash":    { "type": "string", "pattern": "^[a-f0-9]{64}$" },
    "at":          { "type": "string", "format": "date-time" }
  }
}

5.3 Marking inheritance & derivation

Markings (§4.2) propagate along derivations: any property derived from a source carries the union of the source’s markings unless the derivation explicitly de-classifies (and the de-classification is itself audited). EvidenceSpans inherit the marking of the underlying Document. Decisions inherit the union of all evidence markings.

5.4 Default permission set

Object	Read scope	Write scope	Default markings
Insured / Claimant	`party.read`	`party.write`	`pii.medium`
Policy / Coverage / Endorsement	`policy.read`	`policy.write`	`tenant`
Submission / Quote / RiskAssessment / Pricing / BindingAuthority	`uw.read`	`uw.write`	`tenant`
Claim / LossEvent / Exposure / Reserve / Payment	`claim.read`	`claim.write`	`pii.medium` (where applicable)
Task / Exception	`workflow.read`	`workflow.write`	`tenant`
Document / EmailThread / Attachment / EvidenceSpan	`evidence.read`	`evidence.write`	inherits from source
Decision / Action / AgentRun / AuditEvent	`governance.read`	append-only	`tenant`

5.5 Per-LOB ontology specialization

The 28 canonical objects defined above are line-of-business agnostic. Specific LOBs need additional fields, additional relationships, and LOB-specific Decision and Action types. Layerup models this as ontology branches (§6.3): the canonical trunk holds the cross-LOB shape; each LOB branch adds typed extensions that inherit from the trunk. This means a carrier deploying P&C, Specialty, and Life on the same Layerup instance does not negotiate a single super-schema; each branch is governed independently and replay still works against any branch version. Anatomy of a branch

Extends: which trunk objects the branch extends (e.g. Claim, Coverage).
New properties: LOB-specific typed fields (e.g. vehicle.vin on Personal Auto Claims).
New relations: LOB-specific links (e.g. Claim → Vessel on Marine).
New Decision / Action types: LOB-specific reasoning outputs and effect intents.
LOB markings: e.g. phi.high on Health, treaty.ceded on Reinsurance.
Pinned tools: per-LOB tool versions in the registry (§9).

Personal Auto

P&C / Personal — Extends Claim, Coverage, Exposure. Adds Vehicle (VIN, year/make/model, garaging), DriverInvolvement, PoliceReport, RepairFacility. Decision types: FastTrackEligibility, TotalLossDecision, SubrogationCandidate. Markings: pii.medium.

Homeowners

P&C / Personal — Extends Claim, Coverage, Exposure. Adds Property, Peril, Inspection, ContractorEstimate. Decision types: CoverageApplicability, CATAccumulation. Markings: pii.medium.

Commercial Property / Liability

Commercial — Extends Submission, Policy, Claim. Adds InsuredEntity, Location, OccupancyClass, SchedulesOfValues, BusinessInterruption. Decision types: UnderwritingDecision, ReservingTier. Branch governance is heavier (broker-mediated submissions).

Workers' Compensation

Casualty — Adds Employer, JurisdictionalRules, InjuryCode (ICD-10), WageStatement, MedicalProvider, RTWPlan (return-to-work). Decision types: CompensabilityDecision, IndemnityRate, IMETriggers. Markings: phi.medium, pii.medium.

Marine / Cargo / Hull

Specialty — Adds Vessel, Voyage, BillOfLading, SurveyorReport, HullParticulars, CargoManifest. Decision types: GeneralAverageDeclaration, SalvageCoverage, JettisonAdjudication. Often multi-jurisdictional.

Specialty / E&S

Specialty — Extends Submission, Quote, BindingAuthority. Adds BrokerOfRecord, RiskAppetiteRule, FacultativeReinsurance, SLAInsurer. Decision types: AppetiteFit, FacRequired, BindingAuthorityCheck.

Life

Life & Annuities — Adds InsuredLife, Beneficiary, RiderSchedule, UnderwritingClass, MedicalEvidence. Decision types: RiskClassification, BeneficiaryDispute, ContestabilityCheck. Markings: phi.high, pii.high.

Health

Health — Adds Member, ProviderNetwork, Authorization, EOB, ClaimLine (CPT / HCPCS). Decision types: MedicalNecessity, NetworkAdjudication, AppealDisposition. Heavy phi.high; HIPAA / HITECH governance applied at the marking level.

Reinsurance

Treaty — Adds Treaty, CededLayer, CessionStatement, BordereauLine, FacRiskFile. Decision types: CessionDetermination, ReportingTrigger, TreatyExceptionFlag. Often dual-tenant (cedant / reinsurer).

An LOB branch is a typed extension of the trunk, not a fork. Branches inherit trunk versioning, lineage, audit, and governance. Cross-branch operations (e.g. a Commercial Property claim that triggers Reinsurance cession) traverse the trunk via the canonical objects both branches share. There is no “Marine instance” of Layerup separate from the “Auto instance” — there is one substrate, with branches.

From a global CTO standpoint, this is the property that matters: the cost of adding a new LOB is the cost of authoring that LOB’s branch and its tools, not the cost of standing up a new platform. Identity, ingestion, runtime, control, action, telemetry, audit, deployment topology, and SRE all carry over unchanged.

​05 — The insurance ontology.

​5.1 Object index

​5.2 Object cards

​Group A · Parties

Insured

Broker

Claimant

Underwriter

Adjuster

​Group B · Master data

Policy

Coverage

Endorsement

​Group C · Underwriting

Submission

Quote

RiskAssessment

Pricing

BindingAuthority

​Group D · Claims

Claim

LossEvent

Exposure

Reserve

Payment

​Group E · Workflow

Task

Exception

​Group F · Evidence

Document

EmailThread

Attachment

EvidenceSpan

​Group G · Governance

Decision

Action

AgentRun

AuditEvent

​5.3 Marking inheritance & derivation

​5.4 Default permission set

​5.5 Per-LOB ontology specialization

Personal Auto

Homeowners

Commercial Property / Liability

Workers' Compensation

Marine / Cargo / Hull

Specialty / E&S

Life

Health

Reinsurance

05 — The insurance ontology.

5.1 Object index

5.2 Object cards

Group A · Parties

Group B · Master data

Group C · Underwriting

Group D · Claims

Group E · Workflow

Group F · Evidence

Group G · Governance

5.3 Marking inheritance & derivation

5.4 Default permission set

5.5 Per-LOB ontology specialization